Advantage Management Accounting Competitive - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Examine about the Advantage Management Accounting Competitive. Answer: Presentation: Different elements are available which force pressure on the associations to offer great types of assistance at lower cost and a portion of these variables are, increment popular of computerized administrations, significant expense in setting of data, log jam in economies, and so forth. To manage these conditions, supervisors of associations must increment and improve their insight into cost conduct and furthermore comprehend the contribution of various expenses in the association (Gonzalez, 2014). Time-Driven Activity-Based Costing (TDABC) is the strategy of cost the board which helps the association in creating exact cost data identified with various exercises directed in the association. It is important to lead examine on the reasonableness of the TDABC in private associations. It is hard for associations to execute the conventional model of ABC since this model incorporates significant expense identified with meeting and study of individuals and it is exceptionally hard to keep up and update this model in view of its multifaceted nature level. Then again, TDABC consider just two parameters that are unit cost of providing limit and the time required for playing out any exchange and movement (Basuki Riediensyaf, 2014). This report characterizes the appropriateness of the TDABC in the private associations of Australia, and for this reason we pick BHP Billiton Plc. Structure of this report incorporates the short depiction of the customer, detail portrayal of TDABC and its highlights, distinction among TDABC and ABC, and whether TDABC is reasonable for BHP Billiton Plc. Ultimately, paper is closed with brief end. About BHP Billiton: BHP is considered as driving Resource Company of the World. This organization principally occupied with removing and preparing of minerals, oil and gas. Very nearly 60000 representatives are utilized by the association, fundamentally in Australia and USA. Results of the association are sold around the world. Worldwide headquarter of the association is arranged in the Melbourne, Australia. BHP Billiton conducts its activity under Dual Listed Company structure and it has two parent organizations that are BHP Billiton Limited and BHP Billiton Plc., and this association is worked as single financial element which is alluded as BHP. BHP is controlled by a bound together Board and the board. The fundamental point of this association is to make an incentive for long haul investors through the revelation, securing, improvement and advertising of common assets. For this reason, association build up the system, and procedure of this association incorporates possess and work huge resources, long-life, minimal effort, expandable, upstream resources enhanced by product, topography and market. Working model of the BHP Billiton permitted the association to utilize their aptitude over their business and it shas multifunctional groups which interface all the hierarchys of the association for best outcomes (BHP, n.d.). TDABC its highlights: Each business association needs the administration which has away from of the cost administration, and this can just occur with the simple cost bookkeeping model which can rapidly mirror the progressions happened in the business as they happen. It must be noticed that TDABC is totally unique in relation to the first action based costing (OABC). OABC gives solid model to costing shifted items and administrations, yet TDABC holds more variety and unpredictability identified with items and administrations, as it helps the association by giving data of high caliber without the issues which are made by the OABC models (Kannaiah, 2015). TDABC is a basic model which can undoubtedly, approved, kept up, and extended. This model is considered as best costing procedure for present condition of the business. This model for the most part thinks about two parameters, and both the parameters are expressed underneath: Unit cost identified with providing limit of the association. Required time to play out an action. Limit cost rate gauge this model is started by recognizing various gatherings of assets performing exercises. It must be noticed that limit of assets is estimated by utilizing time accessibility, however a few associations likewise utilize the time-driven methodology to decide the limit of assets estimated in different units. The equation for ascertaining the limit cost rate is expressed underneath: Limit cost rate-Cost of limit provided/useful limit of assets provided. Unit Time gauge this methodology requires the association to evaluate the time expected to play out any value-based action. For the most part, estimations of time will be evaluated either by legitimately watching the things or by directing the meetings. Under this methodology it isn't important to evaluate the specific time, generally estimation of the time is adequate. It must be noticed that TDABC guarantees following positive highlights: It is a simple strategy, and associations can actualize it rapidly. This model effectively incorporates with the information, and now accessible through the establishment of ERP and CRM frameworks. It isn't costly in nature, and association can keeps up and update it rapidly. This model has ability to gauge to big business savvy models. It is exceptionally easy to fuse extra highlights in this model identified with explicit requests, forms, providers, clients, and so forth. Greater perceivability identified with efficiencies of procedure and use of limit. This model additionally has expertise to conjecture the asset requests for future, and this guaging is obviously founded on the anticipated amount of the request and intricacy. These above expressed highlights help the ABC model to improve its proficiency and expel its inadequacies, for example, complex in nature, costly monetary framework, and so forth (Kaplan, 2009). How TDABC is not the same as ABC conventional costing frameworks: Extra highlights of TDABC help the associations from numerous points of view yet this strategy is not the same as unique model of ABC and from other conventional costing procedures moreover. Distinction between these three is expressed underneath in detail. TDABC ABC: Action based costing is considered as precise route for administrators to disperse expenses to the buyers and items identified with the administrations of offices. Be that as it may, this model of costing free its productivity in enormous scope tasks and different burdens are additionally there, for example, this model is costly in nature and hard to keep up. Relinquish of ABC model is the not the correct answer for this issue, since this model speaks to enormous potential for organizations for bigger scope. Luckily, this model becomes easier on account of the new methodology known as time-driven ABC which defeats from every one of these inadequacies. The significant distinction between these two models is expressed beneath: TDABC ABC It's anything but a costly framework. It is a costly costing technique. East to work Complex in nature It utilizes term cost drivers It utilizes exchange cost drivers (Simple Studies, 2016). Customary costing framework TDABC: On the off chance that conventional costing techniques backhanded expense was applied to the items and this depends on foreordained overhead rate. This sort of costing strategies considers the overhead expenses as a solitary gathering identified with backhanded expenses. These sorts of techniques are best in nature just if backhanded expenses are low in examination of direct expenses. Conventional costing techniques incorporate different parameters, for example, first it recognize aberrant cost, estimation of backhanded expense for specific period, select cost driver with the easygoing connect to the cost, gauge the measure of the cost driver for specific timeframe, register the preset overhead rate, and ultimately applied the overhead to the items by utilizing the preset overhead rate (Johnson, 2018) Then again, TDABC is the straightforward model which for the most part recognized the limit of every division or procedure. In this manner, cost is dispensed based on the limit of the assets bunches over the cost object which is chiefly rely upon the necessary time to play out an action. In the event that request or business related to these divisions diminishes, at that point it is feasible for TDABC to evaluate the amount identified with assets discharged. At the end of the day, TDABC catches the various qualities of an action based on time conditions under which time devoured by any action is considered as capacity of various attributes. This model is considered as best costing method for present condition of the business. This model for the most part thinks about two parameters, and both the parameters are unit cost identified with providing limit of the association and required time to play out a movement (Kuchta Troska, 2007). Distinction between the two is satiated beneath: Conventional strategies for costing TDABC It utilize aberrant cost identified with the movement. It essentially distinguishes the limit of every office and movement. It utilizes different parameters for deciding the expense. It just uses two parameters to decide the expense. It is appropriate just when roundabout expense is low in examination of direct expense. It is reasonable in each circumstance (Kaplan, 2006) Reasonableness of TDABC for BHP Billiton: Yearly report of BHP Billiton 2017 states that cost pressures happened in complete asset industry, and the costs of the items are resolved based on product markets at worldwide level. For the most part, associations don't have capacity to balance these compels identified with cost through increment in the cost and this antagonistically influences the profitability of the association. The board of BHP put forth attempts to diminish the expenses, however practically all the key costs inputs are connected and it unfit the association in decreasing the expense and delay. This issues sway

Foreign vs. American Women in Marriage :: essays research papers

Remote Vs. American Women Since the start, connections among man and lady have been difficult to comprehend and aggregate into one persona. There is consistently the degree of enthusiasm between the male and female that must to exist to permit the connections early stages. As indicated by the Bible, the lady was a blessing from God, intended to help the man in his work for God. Wars began leaving harmony or disdain between nations over the numerous long stretches of our reality. The measure of time nations declined outside relations made contrasts in looks, activities, goals, and convictions of its way of life. Very little contemplations given to the female race and effects they got from the absence of decent variety. The subject of today, because of expanding divorce rates, is should she be a Foreigner or American. As per nomarriage.com, 'A tremendous level of American ladies are narrow minded, offbeat, uncertain, penniless, and insane.' Often Foreign ladies, depict a large number of the characteristics American ladies out-developed in the ever-expanding smash for freedom of opportunities. Another distinction would be in outward mentality depiction. Cited from nomarraige.com, 'Ladies in America appear to have chilly, shallow, or stood up perspectives.' Foreign ladies hold themselves in the focal point of their connections by not passing any decisions. American ladies of today are attempting to accomplish the highest point of the expert stepping stool, allowing for family. Alluring them to do what man apparently stifled her from doing every one of these years, while the outside ladies are impeccably content with their gentility and attempt to advance with their spouses forward. The separation rates are amazingly higher in American-to-American relationships. The Foreign-to-American separation rat e is right now 20% as expressed by United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS). American-to-American separation rate is inside the 45%-55% territory dependent on an investigation by divorcestatistics.org. Outside ladies will in general have distinctive physical highlights. The uncommon physical highlights are fascinating or more the customary, that we see every day. This regularly causes hostility from the western ladies who are agreeable in our property of chance. Outside ladies will in general talk at least two distinct dialects, permitting ease in correspondence capability and understanding various societies. All the females of the world, notwithstanding, have the heart that cherishes a man. Regardless of whether an American or outsider, at one point the female will genuinely cherish the man she pursued.

Alfred Binet and the Simon-Binet Intelligence Scale

Alfred Binet and the Simon-Binet Intelligence Scale October 17, 2019 Wikimedia Commons/Public Domain More in Psychology History and Biographies Psychotherapy Basics Student Resources Theories Phobias Emotions Sleep and Dreaming In This Article Table of Contents Expand Best Known For Early Life Career Binet's Intelligence Test Contributions Selected Publications In His Own Words Alfred Binet was a French psychologist best-remembered for developing the first widely used intelligence test. The test originated after the French government commissioned Binet to develop an instrument that could identify school kids that needed remedial studies. With his collaborator Theodore Simon, they created the Binet-Simon Intelligence Scale.?? Lewis Terman later revised the scale and standardized the test with subjects drawn from an American sample and the test became known as the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales. The test is still in use today and remains one of the most widely used intelligence tests.?? Best Known For Binet-Simon Intelligence Scale??Stanford-Binet IQ Test?? Early Life Alfred Binet was born Alfredo Binetti  on July 8, 1857,? in Nice, France. His father, a physician, and his mother, an artist, divorced when he was young and Binet then moved to Paris with his mother.?? After graduating from law school in 1878, Binet initially planned to follow in his fathers footsteps and enroll in medical school. He began to study science at Sorbonne but soon began educating himself in psychology by reading works by individuals such as Charles Darwin and John Stuart Mill.?? Career Binet began working at the Salpêtrière Hospital in Paris under the guidance of Jean-Martin Charcot. Afterward, he moved to a position at the Laboratory of Experimental Psychology where he was the associate director and researcher. In 1894, Binet was appointed the director of the lab and he remained in this position until his death in 1911.?? Binets early support of Charcots research on hypnotism resulted in professional embarrassment when Charcots ideas faltered under closer scientific evaluation. He soon turned his interest toward the study of development and intelligence, often basing his research on observations of his two daughters.?? While Alfred Binets interests were broad and quite diverse, he is most famously known for his work on the topic of intelligence. Binet was asked by the French government to develop a test to identify students with learning disabilities or who required special help in school.?? Binets Intelligence Test Binet and colleague Theodore Simon developed a series of tests designed to assess mental abilities. Rather than focus on learned information such as math and reading, Binet instead concentrated on other mental abilities such as attention and memory. The scale they developed became known as the Binet-Simon Intelligence Scale.?? The test was later revised by psychologist Lewis Terman and became known as the Stanford-Binet. While Binets original intent was to use the test to identify children who needed additional academic assistance, the test soon became a means to identify those deemed feeble-minded by the eugenics  movement.??  Eugenics was the belief that the human population could be genetically improved by controlling who was allowed to have children. By doing this, the eugenicists believed they could produce more desirable inherited characteristics. This shift in how the test was used is notable since Binet himself believed that the intelligence test he had designed had limitations. He believed that intelligence was complex and could not be fully captured by a single quantitative measure. He also believed that intelligence was not fixed. Perhaps most importantly, Binet also felt that such measures of intelligence were not always generalizable and could only apply to children with similar backgrounds and experiences.?? Alfred Binets Contributions to Psychology Today, Alfred Binet is often cited as one of the most influential psychologists in history. While his intelligence scale serves as the basis for modern intelligence tests, Binet himself did not believe that his test measured a permanent or inborn degree of intelligence. According to Binet, an individuals score can vary. He also suggested that factors such as motivation and other variables can play a role in test scores. Selected Publications Binet, A. (1916). New methods for the diagnosis of the intellectual level of subnormals. In E. S. Kite (Trans.), The development of intelligence in children. Vineland, NJ: Publications of the Training School at Vineland. (Originally published 1905 in LAnnée Psychologique, 12, 191-244.) Binet. A., Simon, T. (1916). The development of intelligence in children. Baltimore, Williams Wilkins. (Reprinted 1973, New York: Arno Press; 1983, Salem, NH: Ayer Company). In His Own Words Some recent philosophers seem to have given their moral approval to these deplorable verdicts that affirm that the intelligence of an individual is a fixed quantity, a quantity that cannot be augmented. We must protest and react against this brutal pessimism; we will try to demonstrate that it is founded on nothing. - Alfred Binet, Les idées modernes sur les enfants, 1909??

Our everyday experience - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 20 Words: 5926 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Topics: Life Experience Essay Did you like this example? Does God really exist? How can we know? If God made everything, who made God? In our everyday experience, just about everything seems to have a beginning. In fact, the laws of science show that even things which look the same through our lifetime, like the sun and other stars, are running down. The sun is using up its fuel at millions of tons each second. Since, therefore, it cannot last forever, it had to have a beginning. The same can be shown to be true for the entire universe. So when Christians claim that the God of the Bible created the entire universe, some will ask what seems a logical question, namely Where did God come from? Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Our everyday experience" essay for you Create order The Bible makes it clear in many places that God is outside of time. He is eternal, with no beginning or endHe is infinite! He also knows all things, being infinitely intelligent. Is this logical? Can modern science allow for such a notion? And how could you recognize the evidence for an intelligent Creator? The existence of God is taken for granted in the Bible. There is nowhere any argument to prove it. He who disbelieves this truth is spoken of as one devoid of understanding . The arguments generally adduced by theologians in proof of Gods existence are: The a priori argument, which is the testimony afforded by reason. The a posteriori argument, by which we proceed logically from the facts of experience to causes. These arguments are: The cosmological, by which it is proved that there must be a First Cause of all things, for every effect must have a cause. The teleological, or the argument from design. We see everywhere the operations of an intelligent Cause in nature. The moral argument, called also the anthropological argument, based on the moral consciousness and the history of mankind, which exhibits a moral order and purpose which can only be explained on the supposition of the existence of God. Conscience and human history testify that verily there is a God that judgeth in the earth. Matthew G. Easton How to recognize intelligence Scientists get excited about finding stone tools in a cave because these speak of intelligencea tool maker. They could not have designed themselves. Neither would anyone believe that the carved Presidents heads on Mt. Rushmore were the product of millions of years of chance erosion. We can recognize designthe evidence of the outworkings of intelligencein the man-made objects all around us. Similarly, in William Paleys famous argument, a watch implies a watchmaker.Today, however, a large proportion of people, including many leading scientists, believe that all plants and animals, including the incredibly complex brains of the people who make watches, motor cars, etc., were not designed by an intelligent God but rather came from an unintelligent evolutionary process. But is this a defensible position? Design in living things Molecular biologist Dr. Michael Denton, writing as an agnostic, concluded: Alongside the level of ingenuity and complexity exhibited by the molecular machinery of life, even our most advanced [twentieth century technology appears] clumsy. It would be an illusion to think that what we are aware of at present is any more than a fraction of the full extent of biological design. In practically every field of fundamental biological research ever-increasing levels of design and complexity are being revealed at an ever-accelerating rate. The world-renowned crusader for Darwinism and atheism, Prof. Richard Dawkins, states: We have seen that living things are too improbable and too beautifully designed to have come into existence by chance. Thus, even the most ardent atheist concedes that design is all around us. To a Christian, the design we see all around us is totally consistent with the Bibles explanation that God created all. However, evolutionists like Dawkins reject the idea of a Designer. He comments (emphasis added): All appearance to the contrary, the only watchmaker in nature is the blind forces of physics, albeit deployed in a very special way. A true watchmaker has foresight: he designs his cogs and springs, and plans their interconnections, with future purpose in his minds eye. Natural selection, the blind, unconscious, automatic process which Darwin discovered, and which we now know is the explanation for the existence and apparently purposeful form of all life, has no purpose in mind It has no mind It does not plan for the future it is the blind watchmaker. Selection and design Life is built on information, contained in that molecule of heredity, DNA. Dawkins believes that natural selectionand mutations (blind, purposeless copying mistakes in this DNA) together provide the mechanism for producing the vast amounts of information responsible for the design in living things. Natural selection is a logical process that can be observed. However, selection can only operate on the information already contained in genesit does not produce new information.distinct kinds of animals and plants, each to reproduce after its own kind. One can observe great variation in a kind,and see the results of natural selection. For instance, dingoes, wolves and coyotes have developed over time as a result of natural selection operating on the information in the genes of the wolf/dog kind. But no new information was producedthese varieties have resulted from rearrangement, and sorting out, of the information in the original dog kind. One kind has never been observed to change into a totally different kind with new information that previously did not exist! Without a way to increase information, natural selection will not work as a mechanism for evolution. Evolutionists agree with this, but they believe that mutations somehow provide the new information for natural selection to act upon. Can mutations produce new information? Actually, it is now clear that the answer is no! Dr. Lee Spetner, a highly qualified scientist who taught information and communication theory at Johns Hopkins University, makes this abundantly clear in his recent book: In this chapter Ill bring several examples of evolution, [i.e., instances alleged to be examples of evolution] particularly mutations, and show that information is not increased But in all the reading Ive done in the life-sciences literature, Ive never found a mutation that added information. All point mutations that have been studied on the molecular level turn out to reduce the genetic information and not to increase it. The NDT [neo-Darwinian theory] is supposed to explain how the information of life has been built up by evolution. The essential biological difference between a human and a bacterium is in the information they contain. All other biological differences follow from that. The human genome has much more information than does the bacterial genome. Information cannot be built up by mutations that lose it. A business cant make money by losing it a little at a time. Evolutionary scientists have no way around the conclusions that many scientists, including Dr. Spetner, have come to. Mutations do not work as a mechanism to fuel the evolutionary process. [For further information, see: Can genetic mutations produce positive changes in living creatures? Answer] More problems! Scientists have found that within the cell, there are thousands of what can be called biochemical machines. All of their parts have to be in place simultaneously or the cell cant function. Things which were thought to be simple mechanisms, such as being able to sense light and turn it into electrical impulses, are in fact highly complicated. Since life is built on these machines, the idea that natural processes could have made a living system is untenable. Biochemist Dr. Michael Behe uses the term irreducible complexity in describing such biochemical machines. systems of horrendous, irreducible complexity inhabit the cell. The resulting realization that life was designed by an intelligence is a shock to us in the twentieth century who have gotten used to thinking of life as the result of simple natural laws. But other centuries have had their shocks, and there is no reason to suppose that we should escape them. Richard Dawkins recognizes this problem of needing machinery to start with when he states: The theory of the blind watchmaker is extremely powerful given that we are allowed to assume replication and hence cumulative selection. But if replication needs complex machinery, since the only way we know for complex machinery ultimately to come into existence is cumulative selection, we have a problem. A problem indeed! The more we look into the workings of life, the more complicated it gets, and the more we see that life could not arise by itself. Not only is a source of information needed, but the complex machines of the chemistry of life need to be in existence right from the start! A greater problem still! Some still try to insist that the machinery of the first cell could have arisen by pure chance. For instance, they say, by randomly drawing alphabet letters in sequence from a hat, sometimes you will get a simple word like BAT.So given long time periods, why couldnt even more complex information arise by chance? However, what would the word BAT mean to a German or Chinese speaker? The point is that an order of letters is meaningless unless there is a language convention and a translation system in place which makes it meaningful! In a cell, there is such a system (other molecules) that makes the order on the DNA meaningful. DNA without the language/translation system is meaningless, and these systems without the DNA wouldnt work either. The other complication is that the translation machinery which reads the order of the letters in the DNA is itself specified by the DNA! This is another one of those machines that needs to be fully-formed or life wont work. Can information arise from non-information? Dr. Werner Gitt, Director and Professor at the German Federal Institute of Physics and Technology, makes it clear that one of the things we know absolutely for sure from science, is that information cannot arise from disorder by chance. It always takes (greater) information to produce information, and ultimately information is the result of intelligence: A code system is always the result of a mental process (it requires an intelligent origin or inventor) It should be emphasized that matter as such is unable to generate any code. All experiences indicate that a thinking being voluntarily exercising his own free will, cognition, and creativity, is required. There is no known natural law through which matter can give rise to information, neither is any physical process or material phenomenon known that can do this. What is the source of the information? We can therefore deduce that the huge amount of information in living things must originally have come from an intelligence, which had to have been far superior to ours, as scientists are revealing every day. But then, some will say that such a source would have to be caused by something with even greater information/intelligence. However, if they reason like this, one could ask where this greater information/intelligence came from? And then where did that one come from . one could extrapolate to infinity, for ever, unless . Unless there was a source of infinite intelligence, beyond our finite understanding. But isnt this what the Bible indicates when we read, In the beginning God .? The God of the Bible is an infinite being not bound by limitations of time, space, knowledge, or anything else. So which is the logically defensible position?that matter eternally existed (or came into existence by itself for no reason), and then by itself arranged itself into information systems against everything observed in real science? Or that a being with infinite intelligence,created information systems for life to exist, agreeing with real science? The answer seems obvious, so why dont all intelligent scientists accept this? Michael Behe answers: Many people, including many important and well-respected scientists, just dont want there to be anything beyond nature. They dont want a supernatural being to affect nature, no matter how brief or constructive the interaction may have been. In other words . they bring an a priori philosophical commitment to their science that restricts what kinds of explanations they will accept about the physical world. Sometimes this leads to rather odd behavior. The crux of the matter is this: If one accepts there is a God who created us, then that God also owns us. He thus has a right to set the rules by which we must live. In the Bible, He has revealed to us that we are in rebellion against our Creator. Because of this rebellion called sin, our physical bodies are sentenced to deathbut we will live on, either with God, or without Him in a place of judgment. But the good news is that our Creator provided, through the cross of Jesus Christ, a means of deliverance for our sin of rebellion, so that those who come to Him in faith, in repentance for their sin, can receive the forgiveness of a Holy God and spend forever with their Lord. [Watch The HOPE on-line (streaming video)] So who created God? By definition, an infinite, eternal being has always existedno one created God. He is the self-existing onethe great I am of the Bible.19 He is outside of time; in fact, He created time. You might say, But that means I have to accept this by faith, as I cant understand it. We read in the book of Hebrews, But without faith it is impossible to please him: for he that cometh to God must believe that he is, and that he is a rewarder of them that diligently seek him (Hebrews 11:6). But this is not blind faith, as some think. In fact, the evolutionists who deny God have a blind faiththey have to believe something that is against real sciencenamely, that information can arise from disorder by chance. Can you believe in the existence of something that you cannot see? Have you ever seen your own brain? We all believe in many things that we have never seen. Have you ever seen the wind? Have you seen history? We see the effects of the wind, but the wind is invisible. We have records of history, but it is by faith we believe that certain historical events happened. Television waves are invisible, but an antenna and a receiver can detect their presence. Do you know that you have a receiver? Prior to becoming a child of God, your receiver (your spirit) is dead because of sin (see Ephesians 2:1). You need to be plugged into the life of God, and then you will come alive and be aware of the invisible spiritual realm. Learn more about God and his plan for your life Adapted from author Ray Comfort See these information sources for evidence of God and the accuracy of His Word The Christian faith is not a blind faith; it is a logically defensible faith. This is why the Bible makes it clear that anyone who does not believe in God is without excuse: For the invisible things of him from the creation of the world are clearly seen, being understood by the things that are made, even his eternal power and Godhead; so that they are without excuse (Romans 1:20). For a more in-depth article, read: Who created God? Who created God? A number of skeptics ask this question. But God by definition is the uncreated creator of the universe, so the question Who created God? is illogical, just like To whom is the bachelor married? So a more sophisticated questioner might ask: If the universe needs a cause, then why doesnt God need a cause? And if God doesnt need a cause, why should the universe need a cause? In reply, Christians should use the following reasoning: Everything which has a beginning has a cause.1 The universe has a beginning. Therefore the universe has a cause. Its important to stress the words in bold type. The universe requires a cause because it had a beginning, as will be shown below. God, unlike the universe, had no beginning, so doesnt need a cause. In addition, Einsteins general relativity, which has much experimental support, shows that time is linked to matter and space. So time itself would have begun along with matter and space. Since God, by definition, is the creator of the whole universe, he is the creator of time. Therefore He is not limited by the time dimension He created, so has no beginning in time God is the high and lofty One that inhabiteth eternity (Isaiah 57:15). Therefore He doesnt have a cause. In contrast, there is good evidence that the universe had a beginning. This can be shown from the Laws of Thermodynamics, the most fundamental laws of the physical sciences. 1st Law: The total amount of mass-energy in the universe is constant. 2nd Law: The amount of energy available for work is running out, or entropy is increasing to a maximum. If the total amount of mass-energy is limited, and the amount of usable energy is decreasing, then the universe cannot have existed forever, otherwise it would already have exhausted all usable energy the heat death of the universe. For example, all radioactive atoms would have decayed, every part of the universe would be the same temperature, and no further work would be possible. So the obvious corollary is that the universe began a finite time ago with a lot of usable energy, and is now running down. Now, what if the questioner accepts that the universe had a beginning, but not that it needs a cause? But it is self-evident that things that begin have a cause no-one really denies it in his heart. All science and history would collapse if this law of cause and effect were denied. So would all law enforcement, if the police didnt think they needed to find a cause for a stabbed body or a burgled house. Also, the universe cannot be self-caused nothing can create itself, because that would mean that it existed before it came into existence, which is a logical absurdity. IN SUMMARY The universe (including time itself) can be shown to have had a beginning. It is unreasonable to believe something could begin to exist without a cause. The universe therefore requires a cause, just as Romans 1:20 teach. God, as creator of time, is outside of time. Since therefore He has no beginning in time, He has always existed, so doesnt need a cause. OBJECTIONS There are only two ways to refute an argument: Show that it is logically invalid Show that at least one of the premises is false. Is the argument valid? A valid argument is one where it is impossible for the premises to be true and the conclusion false. Note that validity does not depend on the truth of the premises, but on the form of the argument. The argument in this article is valid; it is of the same form as: All whales have backbones; Moby Dick is a whale; therefore Moby Dick has a backbone. So the only hope for the skeptic is to dispute one or both of the premises. Are the premises true? 1. Does the universe have a beginning? Oscillating universe ideas were popularized by atheists like the late Carl Sagan and Isaac Asimov solely to avoid the notion of a beginning, with its implications of a Creator. But as shown above, the Laws of Thermodynamics undercut that argument. Even an oscillating universe cannot overcome those laws. Each one of the hypothetical cycles would exhaust more and more usable energy. This means every cycle would be larger and longer than the previous one, so looking back in time there would be smaller and smaller cycles. So the multicycle model could have an infinite future, but can only have a finite past.2 Also, there are many lines of evidence showing that there is far too little mass for gravity to stop expansion and allow cycling in the first place, i.e., the universe is open. According to the best estimates (even granting old-earth assumptions), the universe still has only about half the mass needed for re-contraction. This includes the combined total of both luminous matter and non-luminous matter (found in galactic halos), as well as any possible contribution of neutrinos to total mass.3 Some recent evidence for an open universe comes from the number of light-bending gravitational lenses in the sky.6 It seems there is only 40-80% of the required matter to cause a big crunch. Incidentally, this low mass is also a major problem for the currently fashionable inflationary version of the big bang theory, as this predicts a mass density just on the threshold of collapse a flat universe. Finally, no known mechanism would allow a bounce back after a hypothetical big crunch.7 As the late Professor Beatrice Tinsley of Yale explained, even though the mathematics say that the universe oscillates, There is no known physical mechanism to reverse a catastrophic big crunch. Off the paper and into the real world of physics, those models start from the Big Bang, expand, collapse, and thats the end. 2. Denial of cause and effect Some physicists assert that quantum mechanics violates this cause/effect principle and can produce something from nothing. For instance, Paul Davies writes: spacetime could appear out of nothingness as a result of a quantum transition. Particles can appear out of nowhere without specific causation Yet the world of quantum mechanics routinely produces something out of nothing.9 But this is a gross misapplication of quantum mechanics. Quantum mechanics never produces something out of nothing. Davies himself admitted on the previous page that his scenario should not be taken too seriously. Theories that the universe is a quantum fluctuation must presuppose that there was something to fluctuate their quantum vacuum is a lot of matter-antimatter potential not nothing. Also, I have plenty of theoretical and practical experience at quantum mechanics (QM) from my doctoral thesis work. For example, Raman spectroscopy is a QM phenomenon, but from the wavenumber and intensity of the spectral bands, we can work out the masses of the atoms and force constants of the bonds causing the bands. To help the atheist position that the universe came into existence without a cause, one would need to find Raman bands appearing without being caused by transitions in vibrational quantum states, or alpha particles appearing without pre-existing nuclei, etc. If QM was as acausal as some people think, then we should not assume that these phenomena have a cause. Then I may as well burn my Ph.D. thesis, and all the spectroscopy journals should quit, as should any nuclear physics research. Also, if there is no cause, there is no explanation why this particular universe appeared at a particular time, nor why it was a universe and not, say, a banana or cat which appeared. This universe cant have any properties to explain its preferential coming into existence, because it wouldnt have any properties until it actually came into existence. Is creation by God rational? A last desperate tactic by skeptics to avoid a theistic conclusion is to assert that creation in time is incoherent. Davies correctly points out that since time itself began with the beginning of the universe, it is meaningless to talk about what happened before the universe began. But he claims that causes must precede their effects. So if nothing happened before the universe began, then (according to Davies) it is meaningless to discuss the cause of the universes beginning. But the philosopher (and New Testament scholar) William Lane Craig, in a useful critique of Davies,10 pointed out that Davies is deficient in philosophical knowledge. Philosophers have long discussed the notion of simultaneous causation. Immanuel Kant (17241804) gave the example of a weight resting on a cushion simultaneously causing a depression in it. Craig says: The first moment of time is the moment of Gods creative act and of creations simultaneous coming to be. Some skeptics claim that all this analysis is tentative, because that is the nature of science. So this cant be used to prove creation by God. Of course, skeptics cant have it both ways: saying that the Bible is wrong because science has proved it so, but if science appears consistent with the Bible, then well, science is tentative anyway. A final thought The Bible informs us that time is a dimension that God created, into which man was subjected. It even tells us that one day time will no longer exist. That will be called eternity. God Himself dwells outside of the dimension He created (Titus 1:2). He dwells in eternity and is not subject to time. God spoke history before it came into being. He can move through time as a man flips through a history book. Because we live in the dimension of time, it is impossible for us to fully understand anything that does not have a beginning and an end. Simply accept that fact, and believe the concept of Gods eternal nature the same way you believe the concept of space having no beginning and endby faitheven though such thoughts put a strain on our distinctly insufficient cerebrum. Paul S. Taylor, adapted from author Ray Comfort Further Reading More information can be found in the following works. Unfortunately they are too friendly towards the unscriptural big bang theory with its billions of years of death, suffering and disease before Adams sin. But the above arguments are perfectly consistent with a recent creation in six consecutive normal days, as taught by Scripture. Craig, W.L., Apologetics: An Introduction (Chicago: Moody, 1984). Craig, W.L. online article The Existence of God and the Beginning of the Universe https://www.leaderu.com/truth/3truth11.html Geisler, N.L., Christian Apologetics (Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker, 1976). How does archaeology conclusively demonstrate the Bible to be reliable and unique among all the holy books of world religions? Archaeological discoveries verify the historical reliability of the Old and New Testaments. When compared to other religious books, the titles, and events mentioned in the Bible; and the language and literary formats used to compose the Bible. Many scholars today question the validity of Biblical accounts, supposedly based on the findings of archaeology (i.e. misinterpretation of evidence, lack of evidence, or poor scholarship) and not with the Bible. How can archaeology prove helpful to someone seeking for truth to the basic questions about life? The discoveries of archaeology can be helpful in removing doubts that a person might have about the historical trustworthiness of the Bible. The places, and events of the Bible are real. What Gods Word? Any one discovery can be explained away as coincidence, or an alternative interpretation can be given to disassociate it from the Bible. It is the weight of a myriad of discoveries that demonstrates the Bible to be the Word of God. These discoveries fall into three categories: Archaeological evidence demonstrates the historical and cultural accuracy of the Bible. The Bibles message of a salvation stands in sharp contrast to the pagan fertility religions of the ancient world as, revealed by archaeology. Archaeological findings demonstrate that the Biblical prophets accurately predicted events hundreds of years before they occurredsomething that lies beyond the capability of mere men. Where did Cain get his wife? We dont even know her name, yet she was discussed at the wife in history? Scripture and, thus, the Christian faith. For instance, at the historic Scopes trial in Tennessee in 1925, William Jennings Bryan, the prosecutor who stood for the Christian faith, failed to answer the question about [3] lawyer Clarence Darrow. The worlds press was focused on this trial, and what they heard has affected Christianity to this dayChristians are seen as unable to defend the biblical record. And skeptics then make the logically fallacious jump of concluding that the biblical record is indefensible! The agnostic Carl Sagan used this same question in his book ContactContact, which was based on Sagans book, also used it. In the book, the fictional character Ellie could not get answers about [6] Sagan cleverly used common questionssuch as Who was Cains wife?questions that are often directed at Christians in an attempt to prove the Bible cannot be defended. Sadly, most Christians probably could not answer these questions! And yet, there are answers. But, since most churches are lacking in the teaching of 1 Peter 3:15). Why is it important? Many skeptics have claimed that, for New Testament doctrines depend. Defenders of the Genesis 4:1-5:5.) Before we answer this question, we will first show how important it is to the meaning of the gospel. The first man Therefore, even as through one man Romans 5:12). We read in God did not start by making a whole group of men. The sin of rebellion, also passed on to all his descendants. Since return to God! Because a man brought Romans 3:23). What is the solution? The Last Adam pay the penalty for sin: For since by a man came [8] God. Since the Bible describes all human beings as gospel could not be explained or defended. The Hebrews 2:11-18). Thus, only descendants of the first man saved. All related Thus, there was only one man at the beginningmade from the Genesis 2:7). This also means that Adams descendants. The first woman In Eveshe was the first woman. marriage of one man to one woman. Also, in animals, he could not find a matethere was no one of his kind. All this makes it obvious that there was only one woman, Eves descendants. If Christians cannot defend that all humans (including gospel and all that it teaches. Cains brothers and sisters Genesis 4:25), were part of the first generation of children ever born on this earth. Even though only these three males are mentioned by name, Genesis 5:3) before Seth was born. During their lives, Adams children, as says the old tradition, was thirty-three sons and twenty-three daughters. The Genesis 1:28). The wife If we now work totally from Scripture, without any personal prejudices or other extra-biblical ideas, then back at the beginning, when there was only the first generation, brothers would have had to have married sisters or there would be no more generations! We are not told when marriages and children, but we can say for certain that some brothers had to marry their sisters at the beginning of human history. But what about Gods Laws? Many people immediately reject the conclusion that Gods law originally when close relatives (even brothers and sisters) married each other. Remember that Moses laws that forbade such marriages. Biological deformities Today, brothers and sisters (and half-brothers and half-sisters, etc.) are not permitted by law to marry because their children have an unacceptably high risk of being deformed. The more closely the parents are related, the more likely it is that any offspring will be deformed. There is a very sound genetic reason for such laws that is easy to understand. Every person has two sets of genes, there being some 130,000 pairs that specify how a person is put together and functions. Each person inherits one gene of each pair from each parent. Unfortunately, genes today contain many mistakes (because of Curse), and these mistakes show up in a variety of ways. For instance, some people let their hair grow over their ears to hide the fact that one ear is lower than the otheror perhaps someones nose is not quite in the middle of his or her face, or someones jaw is a little out of shapeand so on. Lets face it, the main reason we call each other normal is because of our common agreement to do so! The more distantly related parents are, the more likely it is that they will have different mistakes in their genes. Children, inheriting one set of genes from each parent, are likely to end up with pairs of genes containing a maximum of one bad gene in each pair. The good gene tends to override the bad so that a deformity (a serious one, anyway) does not occur. Instead of having totally deformed ears, for instance, a person may only have crooked ones! (Overall, though, the human race is slowly degenerating as mistakes accumulate, generation after generation.) However, the more closely related two people are, the more likely it is that they will have similar mistakes in their genes, since these have been inherited from the same parents. Therefore, a brother and a sister are more likely to have similar mistakes in their genes. A child of a union between such siblings could inherit the same bad gene on the same gene pair from both, resulting in two bad copies of the gene and serious defects. Romans 8:22). Over thousands of years, this degeneration has produced all sorts of genetic mistakes in living things. Gods approval, without any potential to produce deformed offspring. By the time of [12] (Also, there were plenty of people on the earth by then, and there was no reason for close relations to marry.) Cain and the Land of Nod Some claim that the passage in wife. And Enoch: and he built a city, and he called the name of the city, after the name of his son, Enoch. From what has been stated previously, it is clear that all humans, wife. John Calvin, commenting on these verses, states: From the context we may gather that [13] [14] Others have argued that because Abels death (see below). Who was Cain fearful of? (Genesis 4:14) Some claim that there had to be lots of people on earth other than Abel. First of all, in the days before civil government was instituted to punish murderers (Cain was afraid of could not have been another race of people. Second, Genesis 4:3 states: And in the course of time it came to pass, that Cain brought of the fruit of the ground an offering to the Lord. Note the phrase in the course of time. We know that Eve, involving several generations. Where did the technology come from? Some claim that for Nod and build a city he would have required a lot of technology that must have already been in that land, presumably developed by other races. However, brass and. Because of intense evolutionary indoctrination, many people today think that our generation is the most intelligent that has ever lived on this planet. But just because we have jet airplanes and computers, it does not mean that we are the most intelligent. Modern technology results from the accumulation of knowledge. We stand on the shoulders of those who have gone before us. Our brains have suffered from 6,000 years of the Eves children. Scripture gives us a glimpse of what appears to be great inventiveness from the beginning. Conclusion Many God has given to us. They try to interpret Scripture, but taking a secular way of thinking to the Bible, they are blinded to the simple answers. word of One who knows everything, and who is a reliable witness from the past. Thus, when we use Genesis as a basis for understanding history, we can make sense of questions that would otherwise be a mystery.

A Reflection On The Culture - 1739 Words

UMMA Reflection Entering this fieldtrip, I was almost unsure what to expect. Having gone to some art festivals after viewing images of the venues and artworks online, I knew that seeing these pieces in person would have a far greater impact than simply looking at it in a PowerPoint. However, after studying many similar images to the ones we were going to be looking at, I wasn’t sure if there would be as much to take in as there had been for those that I hadn’t studied. Fortunately, the impact of being right in front of all of these artworks was no less than ones I had never learned in depth about; in fact, it was possibly more exciting because being right with the art always uncovers more to examine and appreciate than an image, but it was also interesting to see different artworks of these countries and to be able to recognize styles of the various periods and cultures. As we started the tour, we visited the section of western art; this was interesting because it was s tyle we hadn’t studied in a class. Having the knowledge of eastern art, we could analyze the self-portrait and â€Å"Esther before Ahasuerus† to see how it compares. There were certainly some ways that the west followed what Asian art was doing; in the western pieces we looked at, they had large focus on form, color, and composition to resemble reality. Although there were obvious differences in how presented their characters beyond form, as well as their brush work. It was interesting to see that western artShow MoreRelatedCulture Reflection1288 Words   |  6 PagesThere are many different cultures that we will encounter in the healthcare field on any given day. It is important to understand these differences because certain cultures have different beliefs that will affect how we develop their treatment plan. 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By having an understanding we can better understand and treat our clients that we see. In addition, it not only enhances our therapeutic relationships with our clients, but also enhances our knowledge on the various cultures that exist. For this paper I will interview a person that is from a different culture that I do not have knowledge on. With this interview my hope is to gain insight to the specific culture so I can be more awareRead MoreReflection On The American Culture1384 Words   |  6 PagesReflection on Class Sources American culture refers to the traditions and practices of the people of the United States. Culture comprises of the nature of buildings, religion, music language and marriage. The population of the United States is more than 320 million people making it the most culturally diverse country in the globe. Books such as Crabgrass Frontier, Manifest Destination and Muscular Christianity are important sources of information about American culture. This paper is a reflectionRead MoreReflection About Culture1438 Words   |  6 PagesWho am I? What is the different cultures I have been allured to and what is my culture? How did I grow up? These are questions we are acquired to answer when meeting someone. Learning about me is engrossing. I have been through different cultures that has shaped me into one unique person. Culture is defined as the â€Å"integrated pattern of human knowledge, belief and behavior that depends upon man’s capacity for learning and transmitting knowledge to succeeding generations. It is also the customaryRead MoreA Reflection On The American Culture907 Words   |  4 Pagesare meant to feel a sense of dignity in ourselves for we were created in the image of God. Culture has an influence in the way we feel about ourselves, all of our societies are different. As believers we are meant not to make ourselves feel high but equal because we are all broken instead we need join hands with people. Intercultural studies come in play because it allows us to understand a foreign culture to accomplish a certain goal. The goal which we are to accomplish first is to know that weRead MoreReflection On Culture And Diversity796 Words   |  4 Pagesand events interrelated to a particular situation. The relationship between culture and diversity is a great variety of groups represented within a community. These variety of groups are formed by race, ethnicity, age, ability, language, nationality, socioeconomic status, gender, religion and sexual orient ation. As an African American who is aware of the difficult challenges (such as slavery and segregation) that my culture has endured, it has taught me to respect social, political, and cultural differencesRead MoreTraditional Tales As A Reflection Of Culture1217 Words   |  5 Pages Traditional tales are a reflection of culture in which they are told due to various aspects. 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Belonging Essay- Free Essays

‘An individual’s interaction with others and the world around them can enrich or limit their experience of belonging‘ Discuss this view with details reference to your prescribed text and ONE other related text of your own choosing. An individuals’ sense of belonging is shaped by society and the world around them. A lack of interaction with society limits the sense of belonging felt thereby, confirming social separation. We will write a custom essay sample on Belonging Essay- or any similar topic only for you Order Now This can be compared to the sense of contentment experienced when interaction with society and the world around them is increased. This contrast of social separation and contentment from the individual’s sense of belonging is evident in the texts: Strictly Ballroom by Baz Luhrmann and Wicked by Gregory Maguire. Throughout these texts the acceptance of others is shown to be the deciding factor of whether belonging is experienced. It is shown that belonging has a major role in the shaping of an individual. Throughout Strictly Ballroom, Doug is depicted to be a social outcast, craving to belong in the world of Dance Federation. Comparisons in costuming of characters are used as a device to establish social barriers between Doug and the Dance Community. This social separation, as seen through differences in costuming, is established from the very beginning. In the opening scene, Baz Luhrmann uses mockumentary style to make a comparison of characters. The presentation of Shirley and Doug depicts the social divide. Shirley is presented as over the top, with exaggerated makeup, exaggerated face expressions and artificially coloured clothing. This depicts the loss of individualism. This is contrasted to the dull, drab clothing of Doug. They are shown that even though they are sitting on the same couch and supposedly belong together, there is a social divide between the two. The costume differences emphasises the difference between them. This is further emphasised by the derogative language directed at Doug by Shirley. ‘You silly man’ shows how Doug is not accepted in the dance community and especially not by Shirley. Therefore establishing Doug as socially inferior. As seen in this scene, Doug’s sense of belonging in the world surrounding him is limited by the interaction with the community around him due to the lack of acceptance. A lack of interaction with others is further show to be a limitation of an individual’s sense of belonging in Wicked by Gregory Maguire. Elphaba is shown to be a social outcast from the beginning. The lack of acceptance and belonging given by her family is shown to affect her sense of belonging for the rest of her life. ‘Melena couldn’t bear to look at the thing’ this shows the lack of acceptance towards Elphaba by Melena, Elphaba’s mother. The use the word ‘thing’ shows the dehumanisation of Elphaba because of her green skin. This further emphasises the lack of acceptance because of Elphaba’s appearance. This dehumanisation is a constant theme within the novel. Elphaba is constantly referred to as an ‘it’ and ‘thing’ by the people surrounding her. This is seen to have an effect on Elphaba’s reaction to human contact. ‘The infant flinched and her backbone arched. ’ Contact with Nanny after a couple weeks of non-contact with her parents as an infant is shown to a have a perverse effect on Elphaba. This reaction displays that lack of affection at early stages causes changes in behaviour. Lack of interaction therefore severely affects the belonging felt by individuals. However, social separations’ effect on an individual’s sense of belonging can be contrasted to the heightened sense of belonging when an individual is interacting with others. In Strictly Ballroom, Fran is depicted as socially inferior due to her physical appearance. This is evident through the use of derogative language, which is used to talk down to Fran. ‘Frangipani de la squishy mop’ emphasises Fran’s alienation from the dance community. This inferiority is further revealed through the use of slapstick comedy, used to show how Fran is easily discarded as an unimportant figure. However, Scott’s acceptance of her is shown to increase her sense of belonging and therefore develop her sense of self. This is shown through the visual metaphor of Fran’s physical change from her ugly duckling stage to the transformation to a swan. Reflecting her sense of belonging increasing as she finds her place with Scott. This physical change includes the loss of frizzy hair, bad skin and teeth, unflattering clothes. Ending with the leaving behind of the glasses. Visual language is further used to show her growth of confidence. Close up camera angles of Fran’s feet is used to display the lack of confidence of Fran. She is shown to be unsure and shaky however, her steps become more confident and sturdy as her confidence grows. This therefore shows how the individual’s sense of belonging can be enriched by relationships. The individual’s sense of belonging and sense of self is shown to increase due to acceptance by social groups. In Wicked, Gregory Maguire explores this concept through the character development of Elphaba. Elphaba is seen as an enactment of the devil spirit due to her green skin tone. ‘She is the devil’. Throughout the novel, Elphaba has to fight against these evil connotations, which have arisen due to her appearance. However, Furios acceptance of her and her appearance, leads to her acceptance of herself. ‘She had at last understood that she was beautiful. In her own way. ’ This demonstrates the increased sense of belonging to the world around her has influenced her acceptance of herself. Through Wicked by Gregory Maguire and Strictly Ballroom by Baz Luhrmann an individual’s sense of self in relation to the relationships they form is explored. Through this exploration, the character’s behaviour shows the effect of social separation and inclusion shapes the individual. The individual is seen to react positively in reaction to a greater sense of belonging. Comparatively, without social interaction the individual’s character is shown to become recluse and therefore their sense of belonging decreases. How to cite Belonging Essay-, Essays

Investigation to Find Out Whether Light Distribution Affects the Abundance of Daisys free essay sample

As the light intensity goes up the abundance of daisys on The Downs School field will also increase. Equipment: †¢10 meter tape measure †¢ light intensity meter †¢ Identification key †¢ Thermometer †¢soil depth spike †¢ PH Probe †¢ quadrat 0. 5 by 0. 5 Method: 1. Line up the tape measure from the chosen tree on the ground. 2. Place the quadrat on the ground next to the tape measure at 0cm 3. Count the number of squares in the quadrat where part of a daisy is present 4. Take the light intensity after each count of daisys has being taken. 5. Move the quadrat to 1 meter and measure from 1 to 1. 5 meters, then from 2 to 2. 5 meters etc. 6. After the 10 meter tape measure has finished you should have collected 10 sets of data. 7. Move the 10 meter tape measure to a Different area but using the same tree as a starting point. We will write a custom essay sample on Investigation to Find Out Whether Light Distribution Affects the Abundance of Daisys or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 8. Repeat step 2 to 6 9. Move the 10 meter tape measure to a different area but using the same tree as a starting point. 0. Repeat step 2 to 6. 11. You should have collected 30 sets of data overall. A (i) Variables: Independent variable- The light intensity and how it affects the amount of daisys growing on the Downs School field. Dependant variable- The abundance of daisys in the school field depending on the light intensity. A (ii) Ethical considerations: In order to carry this experiment out in a way which will take the environment and animals into consideration we will have to take a few precautions to stop the environment being damaged. Firstly we will not pick any of the plants while carrying out this experiment out. Another purpose of not picking any of the plants to so that small animals homes do not get destroyed. When taking results from the quadrat we will not sit on the floor as this could squash the daisys and other wild life, like small animals. While taking the soil moisture measurement we will make sure the area we are stabbing the soil in does not have any visible wild life on so we are not destroying any wild life. Wearing appropriate shoes will minimize the risk of falling over meaning there will be as little damage as possible to the wildlife , plants and animals. B (i) Transect 1Temperature 19 ? C Quadrat numberAbundance of daisysLight intensity (%)Soil depth 108112cm 2082 3189 4484 5084 6985 7585 8386 9287 10189 Transect 2Temperature 20 ? C Quadrat numberAbundance of daisysLight intensity (%)Soil depth 108111cm 2081 3183 4283 5385 6286 7087 8787 9187 10389 Transect 3Temperature 20 ? C Quadrat numberAbundance of daisysLight intensity (%)Soil depth 108011cm 080 3180 4286 5786 6386 7687 8988 9689 10190 I will make this experiment as reliable as possible by making my method repeatable, I am using 3 different sections around the same tree meaning that the amount of light accessing that part of the field will not be a problem as it will all be the same. To increase the reliability I will find the average from the 3 different readings at the same point on each one. The chances of anomalies will al so be narrowed down by repeating my experiment on different parts round the tree. To make my results valid I will make sure my experiment is controlled. Control variables VariableHow to control it Time of dayThis will be controlled because the experiment we are doing will take place in 1 hour, this means the time of day will not have change too much, therefore there will be little or no affect on the plants. TemperatureWe are going to control this by taking the temperature every 20 minutes and recording it, this will show when analysing the results whether the temperature will have an effect on the overall results. MoistureThe moisture is going to be measured in a lab by taking a sample of the soil and weighing it then heating it using a Bunsen burner, the weight after will show what the moisture volume was. TramplingWe will measure trampling by using a soil spike to push into the ground until it stops then pull out and measure how deep the soil was. We will take 3 measurements of how deep the soil is in 3 different places to get an overall average. MowingThe whole of the grass has being mowed therefore all the plants have gone through the same . SeasonBecause the experiment is only take place in 1 hour the season will not affect the results. If I had a whole year to carry this experiment out I would do the experiment throughout different seasons to see what affect the seasons has on the results. Soil PHI will measure the soil PH in 5 different places to get an accurate and reliable results. B(ii) In transect 1 quadrat number 3 there is an anomaly, the sequence is broken 81, 82, 89, 84, this could have been because Shelby pointed the light meter up into the sky instead of the 90 degree angle. If I had more time then we would have repeated this result. Most of the other results are accurate and reliable because looking at the graph there are no completely out of place results, there are a few that do not fit with the line of best fit very well but ecology is very hard to get perfect as you cannot make the environment do what you want to do. Some of the light measurements may not be accurate because when we did the experiment the light was changing and was very unpredictable, sometimes the sun would go behind a cloud which meant the light measurement would be low when actually most the time that part would have been in the sun. There would be no way to solve this issue other than coming out at different times of the day and taking measurements and averages to get the most accurate and reliable results. Another issue we had was that some of the daisys were not in flower, this made them very hard to spot meaning we could have missed some out, if we had longer to conduct this experiment we would have had someone double checking the amount of daisys is correct. C (i) My results clearly show the positive correlation between the light distribution and the abundance of daisys on the school field. There is a clear positive correlation and the line of best fit shows the average. The results prove my hypothesis correct, as the light distribution goes up, the abundance of daisys goes up. There is a lot of variation between the results and although most the results are around the line of best fit, not all of them are. It was hard to get the results completely accurate because counting the daisys was very difficult as said before, some of them were not in flower making them hard to spot. If I did the experiment again I would do 5 repeats to get a better average, I would also do a trial test to see what time of day the experiment is best to do at, where the light is most consistent. I would also make sure that the whole class was investigating the same plant, this would mean that everyone could use each others data to get a better idea of the results, it would also make it easier to identify anomalies. C (ii) As seen in the graph there are clearly some anomalies that do not fit in with the line of best fit, one of these is at light intensity 90, there is only 1 daisy (transect 3 quadrat 10). This results could have been a result of the sun coming out from a cloud, or it could just be the unpredictability of ecology. It is hard to tell from the results whether the outcome is an actual result or a result of human error. Some other anomalies are at light intensity 87 there are no daisys (transect 2 quadrat 7) again as with the other anomaly it is hard to tell whether this is an actual result or human error. To help decide whether the result are an anomaly more repeats would have to be done at different times of the day. Most of the method went well, but I would change a few things: Red= Improvements 1. Line up the tape measure from the chosen tree on the ground. 2. Place the quadrat on the ground next to the tape measure at 0cm 3. Count the number of squares in the quadrat where part of a daisy is present 4. Get someone different to check the results, when second person has finished compare results. 5. Take the light intensity after each count of daisys has being taken. 6. Move the quadrat to 1 meter and measure from 1 to 1. 5 meters, then from 2 to 2. 5 meters etc. 7. After the 10 meter tape measure has finished you should have collected 10 sets of data. 8. Move the 10 meter tape measure to a different area but using the same tree as a starting point. 9. Repeat step 2 to 6 10. Move the 10 meter tape measure to a different area but using the same tree as a starting point. 11. Repeat step 2 to 6. 12. You should have collected 50 sets of data overall. 13. Repeat the experiment 5 times a day for 1 week. If I had more time I would also use continuous sampling so that I would get more results to compare, continuous sampling would also allow a better knowledge of whether there are anomalies as there would be more results to compare it to. The method we used was goo because it meant that things like the PH, soil depth and soil moisture were taken into account, and although not relevant in my results as there was no correlation between any of these factors and my results, they were useful to have a look at to make sure any control factors that I can control, are controlled. To extend my experiment further you could collect results once a week over a year as it would give you more representative results, meaning that a better conclusion could be made about the results.